TRADING ACCOUNT

Definition and Explanation:

The account which is prepared to determine the gross profit or gross loss of a business concern is called trading account.

It should be noted that the result of the business determined through trading account is not true result. The true result is the net profit or the net loss which is determined through profit and loss account. The trading accounting has the following features:

1. It is the first stage of final accounts of a trading concern.
2. It is prepared on the last day of an accounting period.
3. Only direct revenue and direct expenses are considered in it.
4. Direct expenses are recorded on its debit side and direct revenue on its credit side.
5. All items of direct expenses and direct revenue concerning current year are taken into account but no item relating to past or next year is considered in it.
6. If its credit side exceeds it represents gross profit and if debit side exceeds it shows gross loss.

Purpose of Preparing Trading Account:

The profit or loss determined by a trading account is the gross result of the business but not the net result. If so, then a question arises - what is the use of preparing a trading account? This account is necessary because of the following advantages.

1. Gross profit of a business is very important data, since all business expenses are met out of it. So the amount of gross profit should be adequate to meet the indirect expenses of a business concern.
2. The amount of net sales can be determined through this account. Gross sales can be ascertained from sales account in the ledger, but net sales cannot be so obtained. The true sales of a business is net sales - not gross sales. Net sales are determined by deducting sales returns from gross sales in trading account.
3. The success or failure of a business can be ascertained by comparing net sales of the current year with that of the last year. It should be noted that an increase in the amount of net sales of the current year over the last year may not be regarded as a sign of success, since sales may increase because of rise in price level.
4. Percentage of gross profit on net sales (gross profit ratio) can be easily determined from trading account. This percentage is very important yardstick for measuring the success or failure of a business. Compared to last year, if the rate increases, it indicates success; on the other hand if the rate decreases, it is an indication of failure.
5. Percentage of different items of buying expenses (direct expenses) on gross profit can be easily determined and by comparing the percentage of the current year with that of the previous year the variations can be ascertained. An analysis of variances will disclose their cause which will help in controlling the amount of expenses.
6. Inventory or stock turnover ratio can be determined from trading account. The success or failure of a business can be measured by this rate. Higher rate indicates a favorable sign i.e. goods are sold soon after their purchase. On the other hand, low rate signifies deterioration, i.e. goods are sold long after their purchase.

Method of Preparation of Trading Account:

Trial balance is a list of all ledger accounts balances, so all the necessary information for preparation of a trading account is available from the trial balance. As gross profit or gross loss of a particular period is determined through trading account. So it's heading will be as follows:

XYZ co.
Trading Account for the year ended 31.12.2005(if accounting period ends on 31.12.2005)

From the trial balance, the balance of opening stock account, purchases account, returns inwards account and of all direct expenses are transferred on the debit side of the trading account, and the balance of the sales account, returns outwards account, and closing stock account are transferred on the credit side of the trading account. If the credit side of the trading account exceeds the debit side, the result is "gross profit", and if debit side exceeds the credit side, the result is "gross loss". The format of a trading account is shown below:

Name of Business
Trading Account for the year ended .....

		$				$
Stock (Opening)				Sales	-----
Purchases	-----			Less returns	-----	-----
Less returns	-----	-----
				Stock (closing)		-----
Carriage inward		-----		Gross loss (Transferred to P&l A/C)		-----
Wages		-----
Insurance in transit		-----
Custom duty		-----
Clearing charges		-----
Freight inward		-----
Transportation inward		-----
Excise duty on goods		-----
Royalty		-----
Dock charges		-----
Coal, Coke, Gas, fuel		-----
Motive power		-----
Oil, water		-----
Gross profit (Transferred to P&l A/C)		-----
If credit side exceeds the debit side = Gross profit If debit side exceeds the credit side = Gross loss

Example:

The following are some ledger balances taken out from the trial balance of XYZ company on 31st December 2005.

	$			$
Stock on 1.12005	60,000		Returns outwards	16,000
Purchases	360,000		Returns inwards	30,000
Carriage inwards	24,000		Sales	500,000
Custom duty	12,000

The closing stock is valued at $10,000.

Required:

Prepare a trading account for the year ended 31st December 2005. Show the journal entries to close the above account (closing entries).

Solution:

xyz co.
Trading Account for the year ended 31.12.2005

		$				$
Stock 1.1.2005		60,000		Sales	500,000
Purchases	3,60,000			Less returns	30,000	470000
Less returns	16,000	3,44,000
				Stock (closing)		100,000
Carriage inward		24,000
Custom duty		12000
Gross profit (transf. to P&L A/C)		130,000
		570,000				570,000

Closing Entries:

Date	Description	L/F	Amount ($)	Amount ($)
2005
Dec.31	Trading account		486,000
	Stock (opening) account			60,000
	Purchase account			360,000
	Returns inwards account			30,000
	Carriage inwards account			24,000
	Custom duty			12,000
	(Being transferred of above A/C to trading account)
Dec.31	Sales account		500,000
	Returns outwards account		16,000
	Trading account			516,000
	(Being transferred of above A/C to trading account)
Dec.31	Stock (closing) account		100,000
	Trading account			100,000
	(Being closing stock taken into account)
Dec.31	Trading account		130,000
	Profit and loss account			130,000
	(Being gross profit transferred to P&L account)